Mai i te rautau 20, kua tino hiahia te tangata ki te tūhura i te wāhi me te mārama ki ngā mea kei tua atu o te Ao. Ko ngā whakahaere nui pēnei i a NASA me ESA kei mua i te tūhuratanga wāhi, ā, ko tētahi atu kaitākaro nui i roto i tēnei wikitoria ko te tānga 3D. Nā te kaha ki te whakaputa tere i ngā wāhanga uaua i te utu iti, kei te piki haere te rongonui o tēnei hangarau hoahoa i roto i ngā kamupene. Mā tēnei ka taea te hanga i ngā tono maha, pēnei i ngā amiorangi, ngā kākahu wāhi, me ngā wāhanga rōkete. Inaa, e ai ki a SmarTech, e matapaetia ana ka eke te uara mākete o te hanga tāpiritanga o te umanga wāhi tūmataiti ki te €2.1 piriona i te tau 2026. Ka ara ake te pātai: Me pēhea te āwhina a te tānga 3D i te tangata kia angitu i te wāhi?
I te tīmatanga, ko te tānga 3D te nuinga o te wā i whakamahia mō te hanga tauira tere i roto i ngā umanga hauora, motuka, me te rererangi. Heoi, i te mea kua whānui haere te hangarau, kei te piki haere te whakamahinga mō ngā wāhanga whakamutunga. Nā te hangarau hanga tāpiri whakarewa, inā koa ko te L-PBF, kua taea te whakaputa i ngā momo whakarewa me ngā āhuatanga me te pakari e tika ana mō ngā āhuatanga wāhi tino kino. Ko ētahi atu hangarau tānga 3D, pērā i te DED, te pupuhi here, me te tukanga extrusion, e whakamahia ana hoki i roto i te hanga wāhanga rererangi. I ngā tau tata nei, kua puta ake ngā tauira pakihi hou, me ngā kamupene pērā i a Made in Space me Relativity Space e whakamahi ana i te hangarau tānga 3D ki te hoahoa i ngā wāhanga rererangi.
Kei te whakawhanake a Relativity Space i te pūreretā 3D mō te umanga rererangi
Te hangarau tā 3D i roto i te rererangi
Nā te mea kua whakaurua mai ēnei e tātou, me titiro tātou ki ngā momo hangarau tā 3D e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga rererangi. Tuatahi, me mōhio ko te hanga tāpiri whakarewa, inā koa ko te L-PBF, te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana i tēnei mara. Ko tēnei tukanga he whakamahi i te pūngao laser hei whakakotahi i te paura whakarewa paparanga i te paparanga. He tino pai mō te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga iti, uaua, tika, me te whakarite. Ka taea hoki e ngā kaihanga rererangi te whai hua mai i te DED, e uru ana ki te whakatakoto i te waea whakarewa, te paura rānei, ā, e whakamahia ana mō te whakatika, te paninga, te whakaputa rānei i ngā wāhanga whakarewa, uku rānei kua whakaritea.
He rerekē, ahakoa he pai te tere o te whakaputa me te iti o te utu, kāore e pai mō te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga miihini mahi-teitei nā te mea me whai mahi whakapakari i muri i te tukatuka hei whakanui ake i te wā hanga o te hua whakamutunga. He whai hua anō hoki te hangarau whakaputa i roto i te taiao ātea. Me mōhio kāore e pai ana ngā polymer katoa mō te whakamahi i te ātea, engari ka taea e ngā kirihou mahi-teitei pēnei i a PEEK te whakakapi i ētahi wāhanga whakarewa nā te kaha. Heoi, kāore anō kia tino whānuitia tēnei tukanga tā 3D, engari ka taea te noho hei taonga nui mō te tūhuratanga ātea mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hou.
Ko te hangarau Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) he hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te tānga 3D mō te rererangi.
Te Pūmanawa o ngā Rauemi Ātea
Kua tūhuratia e te umanga rererangi ngā rauemi hou mā te tā 3D, me te whakaaro ki ngā huarahi auaha ka taea te whakararuraru i te mākete. Ahakoa ko ngā konganuku pēnei i te titanium, te konumohe, me te nickel-chromium te kaupapa matua, tera pea ka riro i a ia tētahi rauemi hou te aro: ko te regolith o te marama. Ko te regolith o te marama he paparanga puehu e kapi ana i te marama, ā, kua whakaaturia e te ESA ngā painga o te whakakotahi me te tā 3D. E whakaahua ana a Advenit Makaya, he miihini hanga matua o te ESA, i te regolith o te marama he rite ki te raima, he mea hanga tuatahi mai i te silicon me ētahi atu huānga matū pēnei i te rino, te konupora, te konumohe, me te hāora. Kua mahi tahi a ESA me Lithoz ki te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga mahi iti pēnei i ngā tīwiri me ngā taputapu mā te whakamahi i te regolith o te marama kua whakaatahia me ngā āhuatanga rite ki te puehu o te marama tūturu.
Ko te nuinga o ngā tukanga e pā ana ki te hanga regolith o te marama ka whakamahi i te wera, ka hototahi ki ngā hangarau pēnei i te SLS me ngā otinga tā hononga paura. Kei te whakamahi hoki te ESA i te hangarau D-Shape me te whāinga ki te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga totoka mā te whakaranu i te konupūmā konupūmā ki ngā rauemi me te whakakotahi i te konupūmā waikura e kitea ana i roto i te tauira whakaata. Ko tētahi o ngā painga nui o tēnei rauemi marama ko tōna taumira tā pai ake, e āhei ai ki te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga me te tino tika. Ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga te noho hei rawa matua ki te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga o ngā tono me ngā wāhanga hanga mō ngā turanga marama o muri mai.
Kei ngā wāhi katoa te Lunar Regolith
Kei reira anō te regolith o Māta, e pā ana ki ngā rauemi o raro i te mata o Māta. I tēnei wā, kāore e taea e ngā tari ātea o te ao te whakahoki mai i tēnei rauemi, engari kāore tēnei i aukati i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te rangahau i tōna pūmanawa i roto i ētahi kaupapa rererangi. Kei te whakamahi ngā kairangahau i ngā tauira whakatauira o tēnei rauemi, ā, kei te whakakotahi i te koranu titanium hei hanga taputapu, hei hanga rānei i ngā wāhanga rōkete. E whakaatu ana ngā hua tuatahi ka nui ake te kaha o tēnei rauemi, ka tiaki hoki i ngā taputapu mai i te waikura me te kino o te hihi. Ahakoa he rite ngā āhuatanga o ēnei rauemi e rua, ko te regolith o te marama tonu te rauemi tino whakamatautauria. Ko tētahi atu painga ko te taea te hanga i ēnei rauemi i te papaanga me te kore e hiahiatia te kawe i ngā rauemi mata mai i te Ao. Hei tāpiri, he puna rauemi kore e pau te regolith, e āwhina ana ki te ārai i te korenga o te rauemi.
Ngā tono a te hangarau tā 3D i roto i te umanga rererangi
Ka rerekē pea ngā whakamahinga o te hangarau tā 3D i roto i te umanga rererangi i runga i te tukanga motuhake e whakamahia ana. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakakotahitanga moenga paura taiaho (L-PBF) hei hanga i ngā wāhanga uaua mō te wā poto, pērā i ngā pūnaha taputapu, i ngā wāhanga e manawapa ana rānei mō te wāhi. I whakamahia e Launcher, he kamupene tīmatanga kei California, te hangarau tā 3D hapaira-whakarewa a Velo3D hei whakarei ake i tana miihini roketi wai E-2. I whakamahia te tukanga a te kaihanga hei hanga i te tāine whakapūmau, he mea nui ki te whakatere me te taraiwa i te LOX (hāora wai) ki roto i te rūma mura. I tāia te tāine me te pūoko mā te whakamahi i te hangarau tā 3D, kātahi ka huihuia. Mā tēnei wāhanga auaha ka nui ake te rere o te wai me te pana nui ake ki te roketi, ka waiho hei wāhanga nui o te miihini.
I whai wāhi a Velo3D ki te whakamahinga o te hangarau PBF i roto i te hanga i te mīhini rōkete wai E-2.
He whānui ngā whakamahinga o te hanga tāpiri, tae atu ki te hanga i ngā hanganga iti me ngā hanganga nui. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā hangarau tā 3D pēnei i te otinga Stargate a Relativity Space ki te hanga i ngā wāhanga nunui pēnei i ngā tāke wahie rōkete me ngā mata poroporo. Kua whakamātauhia tēnei e Relativity Space mā te hanga angitu o te Terran 1, he rōkete tā 3D tata katoa, tae atu ki tētahi tāke wahie e hia mita te roa. Ko tana whakarewatanga tuatahi i te 23 o Poutū-te-rangi, 2023, i whakaatu i te whai huatanga me te pono o ngā tukanga hanga tāpiri.
Mā te hangarau tā 3D e ahu mai ana i te whakaputanga ka taea te hanga wāhanga mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi mahi-teitei pēnei i a PEEK. Kua whakamatautauria kētia ngā wāhanga i hangaia mai i tēnei kirihou wera i te wāhi ātea, ā, kua whakanohoia ki runga i te rover Rashid hei wāhanga o te misioni marama o te UAE. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei whakamātautau he aromatawai i te ātete o PEEK ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino o te marama. Ki te angitu, tera pea ka taea e PEEK te whakakapi i ngā wāhanga whakarewa i ngā āhuatanga e pakaru ana ngā wāhanga whakarewa, e kore rānei e nui ngā rauemi. Hei tāpiri, tera pea he mea nui ngā āhuatanga mama o PEEK i roto i te tūhuratanga o te wāhi ātea.
Ka taea te whakamahi i te hangarau tā 3D ki te hanga i ngā momo wāhanga mō te umanga rererangi.
Ngā painga o te tānga 3D i roto i te umanga rererangi
Ko ngā painga o te tānga 3D i roto i te umanga rererangi ko te whakapai ake i te āhua whakamutunga o ngā wāhanga ki te whakataurite ki ngā tikanga hanga tuku iho. I kī a Johannes Homa, te Tumu Whakarae o te kaihanga tānga 3D o Austria, a Lithoz, "māmā ake ngā wāhanga i tēnei hangarau." Nā te herekoretanga hoahoa, he pai ake te whai hua o ngā hua tānga 3D, ā, he iti ake ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana. He pānga pai tēnei ki te pānga taiao o te hanga wāhanga. Kua whakaatuhia e Relativity Space ka taea e te hanga tāpiri te whakaiti nui i te maha o ngā wāhanga e hiahiatia ana hei hanga waka mokowhiti. Mō te rōkete Terran 1, 100 ngā wāhanga i penapenahia. Hei tāpiri, he nui ngā painga o tēnei hangarau i roto i te tere whakaputa, me te otinga o te rōkete i roto i te iti iho i te 60 rā. He rerekē, ko te hanga rōkete mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tuku iho ka roa pea mō ētahi tau.
Mō te whakahaere rauemi, ka taea e te tānga 3D te penapena rauemi, ā, i ētahi wā, ka taea te hangarua para. Hei whakamutunga, ka noho pea te hanga taapiri hei taonga nui hei whakaiti i te taumaha o te rere o ngā rōkete. Ko te whāinga he whakanui ake i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi ā-rohe, pērā i te regolith, me te whakaiti i te kawe rauemi i roto i te waka mokowhiti. Mā tēnei ka taea te kawe i tētahi pūreretā 3D anake, ka taea te hanga i ngā mea katoa ki te papaanga i muri i te haerenga.
Kua tukuna kētia e Made in Space tētahi o ā rātou pūreretā 3D ki te wāhi mo te whakamātautau.
Ngā herenga o te tānga 3D i te wāhi
Ahakoa he maha ngā painga o te tānga 3D, he mea hou tonu te hangarau, ā, he iti noa iho ōna ngoikoretanga. I kī a Advenit Makaya, "Ko tētahi o ngā raruraru matua o te hanga tāpiri i roto i te umanga rererangi ko te whakahaere tukanga me te whakamana." Ka taea e ngā kaihanga te tomo ki te taiwhanga me te whakamātautau i te kaha, te pono, me te hanganga iti o ia wāhanga i mua i te whakamana, he tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko te whakamātautau kore-whakangaro (NDT). Heoi, ka roa pea tēnei, ka nui hoki te utu, nō reira ko te whāinga matua ko te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ēnei whakamātautau. Nō nā tata nei i whakatūria e NASA tētahi pokapū hei aro atu ki tēnei take, e arotahi ana ki te tiwhikete tere o ngā wāhanga whakarewa i hangaia e te hanga tāpiri. Ko te whāinga o te pokapū he whakamahi i ngā māhanga mamati hei whakapai ake i ngā tauira rorohiko o ngā hua, ka āwhina i ngā kaihangarau ki te mārama ake ki te mahi me ngā herenga o ngā wāhanga, tae atu ki te nui o te pēhanga ka taea e rātou te tu atu i mua i te pakaru. Mā te mahi pera, e tumanako ana te pokapū ki te āwhina i te whakatairanga i te tono o te tānga 3D i roto i te umanga rererangi, kia pai ake ai te whakataetae ki ngā tikanga hanga tuku iho.
Kua oti ēnei wāhanga te whakamātautau whānui i te pono me te kaha.
I tētahi atu taha, he rerekē te tukanga manatoko mēnā ka mahia te hanga i te wāhi. E whakamārama ana a Advenit Makaya o ESA, "He tikanga kei roto ko te tātari i ngā wāhanga i te wā e tā ana." Mā tēnei tikanga ka āwhina ki te whakatau ko ēhea ngā hua tā e tika ana, ko ēhea kāore. Hei tāpiri, he pūnaha whakatikatika-ā-roto mō ngā pūreretā 3D e hangaia ana mō te wāhi, ā, kei te whakamatautauria i runga i ngā mīhini whakarewa. Ka taea e tēnei pūnaha te tautuhi i ngā hapa pea i roto i te tukanga hanga me te whakarerekē aunoa i ōna tawhā hei whakatika i ngā hapa o te wāhanga. E tumanakohia ana ka whakapai ake ēnei pūnaha e rua i te pono o ngā hua tā i te wāhi.
Hei whakamana i ngā otinga tānga 3D, kua whakatūhia e NASA me ESA ngā paerewa. Kei roto i ēnei paerewa he raupapa whakamātautau hei whakatau i te pono o ngā wāhanga. E whakaarohia ana e rātou te hangarau hanumi moenga paura, ā, kei te whakahou ake i aua mea mō ētahi atu tukanga. Heoi, he maha ngā kaitākaro nui i roto i te umanga rauemi, pērā i a Arkema, BASF, Dupont, me Sabic, e whakarato ana i tēnei whai i ngā mea.
Te noho i te wāhi?
I te whanaketanga o te hangarau tā 3D, kua kite tātou i ngā kaupapa angitu maha i runga i te Ao e whakamahi ana i tēnei hangarau hei hanga whare. Nā tēnei ka whakaaro tātou mēnā ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tukanga i roto i ngā wā tata, i ngā wā tawhiti rānei hei hanga hanganga nohoia i te wāhi. Ahakoa he mea kāore e taea te noho i te wāhi i tēnei wā, he pai te hanga whare, inā koa i runga i te marama, mō ngā kairangi i roto i ngā misioni wāhi. Ko te whāinga a te Tari Wāhi o Ūropi (ESA) ko te hanga i ngā kōpuku i runga i te marama mā te whakamahi i te regolith o te marama, ka taea te whakamahi hei hanga pakitara, hei hanga pereki rānei hei tiaki i ngā kairangi mai i te irahiko. E ai ki a Advenit Makaya o ESA, ko te regolith o te marama he mea hanga mai i te 60% te konganuku me te 40% te hāora, ā, he rauemi nui mō te oranga o ngā kairangi nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakarato i te puna hāora mutunga kore mēnā ka tangohia mai i tēnei rauemi.
Kua whakawhiwhia e NASA he putea $57.2 miriona ki a ICON hei whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha tā 3D mō te hanga hanganga i runga i te mata o te marama, ā, kei te mahi tahi hoki rātou me te kamupene ki te waihanga i tētahi nohoanga o Mars Dune Alpha. Ko te whāinga he whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga noho i runga i a Mars mā te noho a ngā tūao i roto i tētahi nohoanga mō te tau kotahi, me te whakatauira i ngā āhuatanga o runga i te Ao Whero. Ko ēnei mahi he takahanga nui ki te hanga tika i ngā hanganga tā 3D i runga i te marama me Mars, ka taea ai e tēnei te whakatakoto i te ara mō te noho tangata ki te wāhi.
I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ka taea e ēnei whare te āwhina i te oranga ki te wāhi.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-14-2023
